Post-Colonial Themes in David Maloufs Remembering...

Post-Colonial Themes in David Maloufs Remembering Babylon It is interesting to note that, although in the context of this MA course we are studying Maloufs novel in terms of a post-colonial response, the author himself has expressed the opinion that it is not, strictly speaking, a post-colonial text. Most would agree with Malouf in that it is certainly not an example of resistance or response from a member of a colonised community in the same vein as, for example, Chinua Achebe or some Native Canadian authors. Rather, it can be seen as an examination of the colonial project by a descendant of the original colonisers. Nevertheless, there are several themes running through the novel which constitute elements of post-colonial†¦show more content†¦Malouf demonstrates the failure of the colonial project, with the blame laid squarely at the feet of those Europeans who fail to see the possibilities embodied in Gemmy. Instead, they see only the threat of the blackfeller, who is revealed to be still in contact with his adopted people. Fuelled by the paranoid siege mentality brought about by fear of the unknown landscape, the settlers drive Gemmy away, unable to face the terrible knowledge which he brings - that the qualities which make them superior may be more fragile than they think. Gemmy brings with him the unthinkable possibility than you could lose it....Not just language but it. It.(p.40) Those who try to face this knowledge and ally themselves with Gemmy and what he represents become estranged from their community, and although they arrive at a new understanding of themselves and the landscape which supports them, it is clear that the cultural gap is too wide to bridge. It is this still-extant cultural gap which results in the novels aboriginal figures remaining totally unknowable; Malouf is unwilling, and unable, to appropriate the voice of the

Int Fin Free Essays

Sample Midterm #1 Questions 1. Which of the following does not constitute a form of direct foreign investment? a. Franchising b. We will write a custom essay sample on Int Fin or any similar topic only for you Order Now International trade c. Joint ventures d. Acquisitions of existing operations e. Establishment of new foreign subsidiaries 2. Which of the following theories identifies specialization as a reason for international business? a. theory of comparative advantage. b. imperfect markets theory. c. product cycle theory. d. none of the above 3. Agency costs faced by multinational corporations (MNCs) may be larger than those faced by purely domestic firms because a. Monitoring of managers located in foreign countries is more difficult. b. Foreign subsidiary managers raised in different cultures may not follow uniform goals. c. MNCs are relatively large. d. All of the above e. A and B only 4. Which of the following industries would most likely take advantage of lower costs in some less developed foreign countries? a. assembly line production. b. specialized professional services. c. nuclear missile planning. d. planning for more sophisticated computer technology. 5. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) increased restrictions on: a. rade between Canada and Mexico. b. trade between Canada and the U. S. c. direct foreign investment in Mexico by U. S. firms. d. none of the above. 6. Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a possible means by which the government may attempt to improve its balance of trade position (increase its exports or reduce its imports). a. It could attempt to reduce its home currency’s value. b. The government could require firms to engage in outsourcing. c. The government could require that its local firms pursue outsourcing. d. All of the above are mentioned. . If a country’s government imposes a tariff on imported goods, that country’s current account balance will likely ____ (assuming no retaliation by other governments). a. decrease b. increase c. remain unaffected d. either A or C are possible 8. Assume that a bank’s bid rate on Swiss francs is $. 45 and its ask rate is $. 47. Its bid-ask percentage spread is: a. about 4. 44%. b. about 4. 26%. c. about 4. 03%. d. about 4. 17%. 9. If a U. S. firm desires to avoid the risk from exchange rate fluctuations, and it is receiving 100,000 in 90 days, it could: a. btain a 90-day forward purchase contract on euros. b. obtain a 90-day forward sale contract on euros. c. purchase euros 90 days from now at the spot rate. d. sell euros 90 days from now at the spot rate. 10. LIBOR is: a. the interest rate commonly c harged for loans between banks. b. the average inflation rate in European countries. c. the maximum loan rate ceiling on loans in the international money market. d. the maximum deposit rate ceiling on deposits in the international money market. e. the maximum interest rate offered on bonds that are issued in London. 11. Eurobonds: a. an be issued only by European firms. b. can be sold only to European investors. c. A and B d. none of the above 12. A Japanese yen is worth $. 0080, and a Fijian dollar (F$) is worth $. 5900. What is the value of the yen in Fijian dollars (i. e. , how many Fijian dollars do you need to buy a yen)? a. 73. 75. b. 125. c. 1. 69. d. 0. 014. e. none of the above 13. A quotation representing the value of a foreign currency in dollars is referred to as a(n) ____ quotation; a quotation representing the number of units of a foreign currency per dollar is referred to as a(n) ____ quotation. . direct; indirect b. indirect; direct c. direct; direct d. indirect; ind irect e. cannot be answered without more information 14. The value of the Australian dollar (A$) today is $0. 73. Yesterday, the value of the Australian dollar was $0. 69. The Australian dollar ____ by ____%. a. depreciated; 5. 80 b. depreciated; 4. 00 c. appreciated; 5. 80 d. appreciated; 4. 00 15. Baylor Bank believes the New Zealand dollar will appreciate over the next five days from $. 48 to $. 50. The following annual interest rates apply: Currency Dollars New Zealand dollar (NZ$) Lending Rate 7. 10% . 80% Borrowing Rate 7. 50% 7. 25% Baylor Bank has the capacity to borrow either NZ$10 million or $5 million. If Baylor Bank’s forecast is correct, what will its dollar profit be from speculation over the five-day period (assuming it does not use any of its existing consumer deposits to capitalize on its expectations)? a. $521,325. b. $500,520. c. $104,262. d. $413,419. e. $208,044. 16. If inflation increases substantially in Australia while U. S. inflation remains unchanged , this is expected to place ____ pressure on the value of the Australian dollar with respect to the U. S. ollar. a. upward b. downward c. either upward or downward (depending on the degree of the increase in Australian inflation) d. none of the above; there will be no impact 17. The one-year forward rate of the British pound is quoted at $1. 60, and the spot rate of the British pound is quoted at $1. 63. The forward ____ is ____ percent. a. discount; 1. 9 b. discount; 1. 8 c. premium; 1. 9 d. premium; 1. 8 18. If your firm expects the euro to substantially depreciate, it could speculate by ____ euro call options or ____ euros forward in the forward exchange market. a. selling; selling . selling; purchasing c. purchasing; purchasing d. purchasing; selling 19. Assume that a speculator purchases a put option on British pounds (with a strike price of $1. 50) for $. 05 per unit. A pound option represents 31,250 units. Assume that at the time of the purchase, the spot rate of the pound is $1. 51 and continually rises to $1. 62 by the expiration date. The highest net profit possible for the speculator based on the information above is: a. $1,562. 50. b. ?$1,562. 50. c. ?$1,250. 00. d. ?$625. 00. 20. You purchase a call option on pounds for a premium of $. 3 per unit, with an exercise price of $1. 64; the option will not be exercised until the expiration date, if at all. If the spot rate on the expiration date is $1. 65, your net profit per unit is: a. ?$. 03. b. ?$. 02. c. ?$. 01. d. $. 02. e. none of the above 21. A U. S. corporation has purchased currency call options to hedge a 70,000 pound payable. The premium is $. 02 and the exercise price of the option is $. 50. If the spot rate at the time of maturity is $. 65, what is the total amount paid by the corporation if it acts rationally? a. $33,600. b. $46,900. c. $44,100. d. $36,400. 22. Which of the following is not true regarding the Mexican peso crisis? a. Mexico encouraged firms and consumers to buy an excessive amount of imports because the peso was stronger than it should have been. b. Many speculators based in the U. S. speculated on the potential decline in the peso by investing their funds in Mexico. c. In December of 1994, the central bank of Mexico allowed the peso to float freely. d. The central bank of Mexico increased interest rates after the peso declined in value in order to prevent investors from withdrawing their investments in Mexico’s debt securities. e. All of the above are true. How to cite Int Fin, Papers Int Fin Free Essays Sample Midterm #1 Questions 1. Which of the following does not constitute a form of direct foreign investment? a. Franchising b. We will write a custom essay sample on Int Fin or any similar topic only for you Order Now International trade c. Joint ventures d. Acquisitions of existing operations e. Establishment of new foreign subsidiaries 2. Which of the following theories identifies specialization as a reason for international business? a. theory of comparative advantage. b. imperfect markets theory. c. product cycle theory. d. none of the above 3. Agency costs faced by multinational corporations (MNCs) may be larger than those faced by purely domestic firms because a. Monitoring of managers located in foreign countries is more difficult. b. Foreign subsidiary managers raised in different cultures may not follow uniform goals. c. MNCs are relatively large. d. All of the above e. A and B only 4. Which of the following industries would most likely take advantage of lower costs in some less developed foreign countries? a. assembly line production. b. specialized professional services. c. nuclear missile planning. d. planning for more sophisticated computer technology. 5. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) increased restrictions on: a. rade between Canada and Mexico. b. trade between Canada and the U. S. c. direct foreign investment in Mexico by U. S. firms. d. none of the above. 6. Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a possible means by which the government may attempt to improve its balance of trade position (increase its exports or reduce its imports). a. It could attempt to reduce its home currency’s value. b. The government could require firms to engage in outsourcing. c. The government could require that its local firms pursue outsourcing. d. All of the above are mentioned. . If a country’s government imposes a tariff on imported goods, that country’s current account balance will likely ____ (assuming no retaliation by other governments). a. decrease b. increase c. remain unaffected d. either A or C are possible 8. Assume that a bank’s bid rate on Swiss francs is $. 45 and its ask rate is $. 47. Its bid-ask percentage spread is: a. about 4. 44%. b. about 4. 26%. c. about 4. 03%. d. about 4. 17%. 9. If a U. S. firm desires to avoid the risk from exchange rate fluctuations, and it is receiving 100,000 in 90 days, it could: a. btain a 90-day forward purchase contract on euros. b. obtain a 90-day forward sale contract on euros. c. purchase euros 90 days from now at the spot rate. d. sell euros 90 days from now at the spot rate. 10. LIBOR is: a. the interest rate commonly c harged for loans between banks. b. the average inflation rate in European countries. c. the maximum loan rate ceiling on loans in the international money market. d. the maximum deposit rate ceiling on deposits in the international money market. e. the maximum interest rate offered on bonds that are issued in London. 11. Eurobonds: a. an be issued only by European firms. b. can be sold only to European investors. c. A and B d. none of the above 12. A Japanese yen is worth $. 0080, and a Fijian dollar (F$) is worth $. 5900. What is the value of the yen in Fijian dollars (i. e. , how many Fijian dollars do you need to buy a yen)? a. 73. 75. b. 125. c. 1. 69. d. 0. 014. e. none of the above 13. A quotation representing the value of a foreign currency in dollars is referred to as a(n) ____ quotation; a quotation representing the number of units of a foreign currency per dollar is referred to as a(n) ____ quotation. . direct; indirect b. indirect; direct c. direct; direct d. indirect; ind irect e. cannot be answered without more information 14. The value of the Australian dollar (A$) today is $0. 73. Yesterday, the value of the Australian dollar was $0. 69. The Australian dollar ____ by ____%. a. depreciated; 5. 80 b. depreciated; 4. 00 c. appreciated; 5. 80 d. appreciated; 4. 00 15. Baylor Bank believes the New Zealand dollar will appreciate over the next five days from $. 48 to $. 50. The following annual interest rates apply: Currency Dollars New Zealand dollar (NZ$) Lending Rate 7. 10% . 80% Borrowing Rate 7. 50% 7. 25% Baylor Bank has the capacity to borrow either NZ$10 million or $5 million. If Baylor Bank’s forecast is correct, what will its dollar profit be from speculation over the five-day period (assuming it does not use any of its existing consumer deposits to capitalize on its expectations)? a. $521,325. b. $500,520. c. $104,262. d. $413,419. e. $208,044. 16. If inflation increases substantially in Australia while U. S. inflation remains unchanged , this is expected to place ____ pressure on the value of the Australian dollar with respect to the U. S. ollar. a. upward b. downward c. either upward or downward (depending on the degree of the increase in Australian inflation) d. none of the above; there will be no impact 17. The one-year forward rate of the British pound is quoted at $1. 60, and the spot rate of the British pound is quoted at $1. 63. The forward ____ is ____ percent. a. discount; 1. 9 b. discount; 1. 8 c. premium; 1. 9 d. premium; 1. 8 18. If your firm expects the euro to substantially depreciate, it could speculate by ____ euro call options or ____ euros forward in the forward exchange market. a. selling; selling . selling; purchasing c. purchasing; purchasing d. purchasing; selling 19. Assume that a speculator purchases a put option on British pounds (with a strike price of $1. 50) for $. 05 per unit. A pound option represents 31,250 units. Assume that at the time of the purchase, the spot rate of the pound is $1. 51 and continually rises to $1. 62 by the expiration date. The highest net profit possible for the speculator based on the information above is: a. $1,562. 50. b. ?$1,562. 50. c. ?$1,250. 00. d. ?$625. 00. 20. You purchase a call option on pounds for a premium of $. 3 per unit, with an exercise price of $1. 64; the option will not be exercised until the expiration date, if at all. If the spot rate on the expiration date is $1. 65, your net profit per unit is: a. ?$. 03. b. ?$. 02. c. ?$. 01. d. $. 02. e. none of the above 21. A U. S. corporation has purchased currency call options to hedge a 70,000 pound payable. The premium is $. 02 and the exercise price of the option is $. 50. If the spot rate at the time of maturity is $. 65, what is the total amount paid by the corporation if it acts rationally? a. $33,600. b. $46,900. c. $44,100. d. $36,400. 22. Which of the following is not true regarding the Mexican peso crisis? a. Mexico encouraged firms and consumers to buy an excessive amount of imports because the peso was stronger than it should have been. b. Many speculators based in the U. S. speculated on the potential decline in the peso by investing their funds in Mexico. c. In December of 1994, the central bank of Mexico allowed the peso to float freely. d. The central bank of Mexico increased interest rates after the peso declined in value in order to prevent investors from withdrawing their investments in Mexico’s debt securities. e. All of the above are true. How to cite Int Fin, Essay examples

Prerogative Powers or Prerogative Powers in the UK Free Sample

Question: Discuss the Origins of Prerogative Powers, the Role of the Courts and Parliament in Reconciling the Differences and the Developments Surrounding National Security. Answer: Introduction British constitution is unwritten and tends to derive power from various sources including established conventions. One of the significant sources in this context are the prerogative powers. While their origin is quite old and stems from past era but over the time, the underlying nature has undergone changes in the manner that these tend to be exercised. The key concern of the given essay is to carry out a review of the prerogative powers that exist today and how the judicial and parliamentary constraints tends to keep these in check to ensure national security[1]. In order to achieve the same, the historical perspective of prerogative powers would be presented coupled with their present status and role in the society. Besides, the efficiency of the various mechanisms in place by the legislature and judiciary would also be highlighted while making a case for greater regulation and reform in the usage of these powers. This would be justified on account of national security. Prerogative Powers History The origins of the prerogative powers or prerogative powers in the UK can be traced from an era when the underlying monarch tended to act in a dual capacity of head of state and feudal lord. Thus, the king possessed the requisite powers that on one hand were require so maintain the welfare of people but on the other were required for protection of state from the state enemies. With regards to a formal definition of the concept, a single definition is not agreed to and hence there are two definitions that are quite prevalent i.e. which have been given by to scholars namely William Blackstone and A V Dicey. The definition of prerogative powers given by Blackstone tends to focus on only the exclusive powers that are possessed by him only and not by any subject. This definition was endorsed in the famous De Keyser's Royal Hotel[2] case. However, there are more takers for the other definition offered by A V Dicey which tends to define these powers as the set of remaining discretionary power left which the Crown holds at any particular time and which may be directly or indirectly exercised. This definition given by Dicey is broader in comparison with that given by Blackstone and therefore is able to take into consideration the key developments in this regard carried out in the past that have brought about a fundamental shift in the manner of exercise of these powers. Empirical evidence on the subject clearly indicates that usage of prerogative powers was done by exclusively by the Monarch. But with the passage of time, the difference between Monarch acting in the capacity of state head and that in his personal capacity has become quite prominent. As a result, with the growing complexity of the state issues, the prerogative powers have been passed on from the Monarch and instead have been exercised by the advisers on b ehalf of the Monarch[3]. In the modern form of government that exists today in the UK, these are the ministers of the government in power[4]. Current Status of Prerogative Powers With respect to the domestic affairs, the prerogative powers in Monarchs personal capacity include extension of taxation immunity. Prosecution immunity, Prime Minister and honours appointment, causing the dissolution and dismissal of the government besides giving the ascent to various laws and bills. On the face of it, the above powers may seem to be handful but it is essential to realise that a host of the above stated powers are essentially formalities where convention needs to be observed by the underlying Monarch. Further, in the exercise of the other powers also, the Monarch is expected to act on the Prime Ministers advice and thus cannot act in personal capacity. However, despite the above, the Monarch is to be consulted by the government and also possesses the power the either warn or provide encouragement to the policies introduced by the government[5]. The various ministers who act on behalf of the Monarch and form the executive also have prerogative powers which include pardoning power, preferred creditor status for the Crown, issuing passports, regulation of civil services and excluding the Crown from the applicability of any particular statute. The powers extended In the domain of foreign affairs would comprise of treaty making power and the decision of declaring war on a given nation. It is noteworthy that any new prerogative power cannot be created at the present but the powers already existing may be applied to a particular situation that may be new[6]. The importance of these prerogative powers is apparent from the wide scope highlighted above which apparently makes a strong case for the regulation of the same through appropriate judicial and parliamentary scrutiny in order to upheld the national security interests. Prerogative Powers Parliamentary Scrutiny With regards to the usage of prerogative powers, parliamentary scrutiny does exist but at the moment it is weak which has been outlined through the relevant discussion of the applicable mechanisms. One of the most significant prerogative powers is the authority to go to war which remains almost exclusively with the Prime Minister and exercised along with cabinet level consultations as the Monarch is the supreme commander for the armed forces. This is despite the fact that the a parliamentary consent is required to maintain the armed forces at peace time in accordance with the Bill of Rights 1689[7]. Thus, theoretically, the power of the executive to manoeuvre the armed forces essentially remains unfettered. In the past when in 2003, invasion of Iraq was carried out, the executive did sought out for a parliamentary vote but it was subject to the displeasure of a host of MPs who considered that it was done as an generous act by the government of the day. Therefore, theoretically, the P arliament cannot intervene in any of the future wars that the executive may decide to indulge in even though these would involve significant allocation of resources from exchequer and manpower and could have significant impact on the nation. Yet another power that is crucial to the national interest is the prerogative power dealing with execution of treaties with foreign nations. While the ratification of treaties signed by the executive is requisite in the Parliament but the purview is limited to only those treaties which tend to alter the law in the UK. As a result, for treaties which do not seek to amend the laws based in UK, the parliament has no powers of vetting and being consulted[8]. As a result, a host of treaties with other nations and supra-national organisations can be enacted without parliamentary intervention which could have severe implications especially in cases where UK may decide to become an ally of a nation at war[9]. Another critical prerogative power available with the ministers is the management of civil services which allows them the control over primary legislation enacted under an Order-in-Council. To put these statutes into practice, the nod of the legislature is not required even though later a parliamentary act could potentially override the same as has been highlighted in the Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service case[10]. Thus, any legislation enacted by the executive in this manner provides effective power to bypass the legislature and effectively makes them superior to the legislature. To declare the British territorial limits along with ceding any territory is also a prerogative power that the executive can exercise without parliamentary scrutiny. It is highly unlikely that ever since the passing of the Island of Rockall Act 1972, that there would be any giving away of British territory without taking Parliamentary approval but the option in this regard still remains if only on paper. In relation to the immigration related prerogative powers, they have been severely curtailed ever since the enactment of Immigration Act 1971, however passport issuance and revocation still falls under prerogative power available with the executive. As a result, Parliament has no role in restraining any individual who might be forced to leave the UK and anyone who may be recalled back to the UK at a later time[11]. it is evident that such actions amount to interference with the autonomy with the individual but no justifications may be required in these cases. Considering the role of the immigrant community in various crimes, this power could also have significant implications for the national security particularly in an era or terrorism. Besides, the Monarch has continued to retain the prerogative powers related to appointments which allows for making critical appointments which is not only limited to ministers but also includes other vital members such as civil servants, judges and certain other appointments to public offices. Additionally, the power to grant various honours including political honours still is essentially the Monarchs power[12]. However, as highlighted previously the Monarch has to act in these areas as per the Prime Ministers advice and thus exercise of these powers remains outside the ambit of parliamentary scrutiny. As a result, the PM has a freehand in making these crucial appointments which have tremendous implications for the security and functioning of the nation. Clearly, with such unfettering power in appointment of these high officials, there is immense scope for abuse of power as has been highlighted in the cash for honours scandal that came to light in 2006-2007. In the existence of ade quate parliamentary scrutiny, it is plausible that such situation would not arise and the appointments may be made after greater deliberations and sound reasoning. Based on the above instances, it seems evident that the with the wide prerogative powers, still existing which tend to supersede the parliamentary procedures established, it may be fair to assume that there is a weakening of democracy and also associated institutions. It may be unwise to provide such wide sweeping power with immense stakes for national security solely at the discretion of select individuals which ruling out a majority of elected representatives who do not merit a say in critical issues affecting the future of the people. Prerogative Powers Judicial Scrutiny The judicial scrutiny of the prerogative powers usage seems to be more frequency in comparison with the parliamentary scrutiny. The weak role played by the judiciary in this regard can be highlighted through the following discussion. A leading case worth mentioning is the R v. Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p Northumbria Police Authority[13] in which it the Court of Appeal ruled that the ancient prerogative of maintaining peace when the state is not in any emergency. The judicial scrutiny in the above case remained weak as the court might be reluctant in involving itself in police powers due to the controversial nature of the subject. Further, referring to the AG v. De Keyser's Royal Hotel[14] case which took place in the early part of the 20th century, the honourable judge Lord Dunedin opined that the ground of action on which the prerogative powers are applied is essentially provided by the statute and thus it tends to rule over the prerogative powers. It can be affirmed from the above argument made in the case above that increasing scrutiny with statute or judicial activism could potentially restrain the government powers and bring the various arms of the government in a more balanced position[15]. There has been reluctance on the part of the judiciary in the recent times with regards to carrying out a detailed scrutiny in the Crowns prerogative powers and also the House of Lords has been exceptionally favourable to the government of the day. A controversial case in this regard was the R (Bancoult) v. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs[16] case. This case involved the issuance of a Orders-in-Council in 2004 which was deployed in order to overturn the decision of regarding indigenous people exile as unlawful. However, this was subsequently found unlawful by both the High Court and also the Court of Appeal. However, subsequently, an appeal was made to the House of Lords and the verdict was in favour of the government as the Lords endorsed the action taken by the Minister which formed the available prerogative powers. The above case indicative of the presence of judicial scrutiny power with the judiciary but the same needs greater support from the higher echelons particularly House of Lords so as to make any significant contribution in the wake of national security which may be severely jeopardised[17]. A landmark case pertaining to the prerogative power mode of exercise is Council for Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service[18] and merits discussion. In this particular case, the House of Lords reached the decision that prerogative powers exercise does not lead to the minister not being subject to judicial review and also did not involve making any exception to carry on the work with fairness and integrity. Thus, this case in indicative of the impact that judicial scrutiny can make and thereby act as a requisite check on the abuse of the usage of prerogative powers. Thus, this allows for fair use of prerogative powers by the executive. The decision taken in this particular case affirms the views expressed by Lord Denning in the Laker Airways Ltd v. Department of Trade[19] case. He had advocated that if the usage of prerogative power has been carried out in an improper manner resulting in impinging of the legitimate individual or sectional rights, then the courts need to intervene in such cases[20]. From the above instances, it is apparent that the judicial scrutiny tends to be stronger than the parliamentary scrutiny but still there is a strong case of making it more stringent and prevalent. There is a conservative bias on the part of higher courts that are not keen to challenge the orthodox views and conventions even the times have changed and nature of threats have become different. As a result, there is high concentration of power amongst the executive without adequate consultations and deliberations. The passage of Human Rights Act 1998 has made some headways with enhancing the judicial scrutiny and invalidating those orders-in-council that are discriminatory in nature or interfere with individual rights. However, for the prerogative powers which do not fall within the ambit of human rights are still experiencing limited scrutiny and thus could continue to enjoy unchecked powers with serious implications for the national security. Need for Reforms Based on the above analysis, the worrisome observation of limited scrutiny over prerogative powers of the executive is apparent. As a result, there is an urgent need of reforms aimed at strengthen the scrutiny offered by both parliament as well as judiciary. An optimum solution is to scrap all the prerogative powers and instead enact respective statutes to deal with these subjects. But it seems that this is not going to happen anytime soon. Thus, alternative pragmatic suggestions are being offered for consideration[21]. The first measure to be taken is to ensure that the actions taken by the PM and other ministers while acting on their prerogative powers must be subject to parliamentary oversight through the mechanism of dedicated committees. In case of any discrepancy, the issue may be raised in the parliament with the committee report being tabled. Also, it is essential to increase the scrutiny power of the judiciary by ensuring that the judges display more judicial activism and are driven by public interest rather than conventions and orthodox practices. The judges need to take bold decisions which are meant to take the nation forward and also address various issues jeopardising national security[22]. This is critical as parliamentary oversight is expected to remain weak even in the future as the government of the day tends to enjoy a majority in the lower house and thus it is unlikely that the MPs would challenge the party leadership. Conclusion I have come to the conclusion that prerogative powers do remain an important part of the United Kingdom's constitution due to their continued use, and because of the amount of power which can be exerted by exercising prerogative powers. Parliamentary and judicial scrutiny of prerogative powers is weak, but in a modern democracy prerogative powers should be subject to greater Parliamentary scrutiny so that the will of the people can be followed in their exercise; and they should be subject to greater judicial scrutiny by a neutral and impartial judiciary who can make sure they are being exercised fairly Reference Andrew, S. and S. Maurice and M. Jo Eric Khushal, Public Law: Text. Cases, and Materials, London, Oxford University Press, 2016 p. 371. Barnett, H., Constitutional Administrative Law, Routledge, Routledge, 2014, p. 101. Bogdanor, V., The Monarchy and the Constitution, London, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 89. Bradley and Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law, London, Pearson Education Ltd, 2007. Corby, S. and G. White Employee Relations in the Public Services: Themes and Issues, Routledge, Routledge, 2007, p. 56. Dicey, A. V., Introduction the study of the Law of the Constitution, London, Oxford University Press, 2008. Great, B.: Ministry of Justice, The governance of Britain: war powers and treaties: limiting executive powers, London, The Stationery Office, 2007, p. 20. Lewans, M., Administrative Law and Judicial Deference, Bloomsbury, London, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016, p. 11. Loveland, L., Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction, London, Oxford University Press,2015, p. 115. Oakland, J., British Civilization: An Introduction, Routledge, Routledge, 2010, p. 22. Case Law Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited, 508, AC, 1920 Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service, UKHL 6 c, 1983 R (Bancoult) v. Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p Northumbria Police Authority, 1 QB 26, 1989 Laker Airways Ltd v. Department of Trade, Q.B. 643, 1977Acts Bill of Rights 1689Island of Rockall Act 1972 Immigration Act 1971 Human Rights Act 1998 J. Oakland, British Civilization: An Introduction, Routledge, Routledge, 2010, p. 22. Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited, AC 508; 1920 V. Bogdanor, The Monarchy and the Constitution, London, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 89. S. Andrew, S. Maurice and M. Jo Eric Khushal, Public Law: Text. Cases, and Materials, London, Oxford University Press, 2016, p. 371.Ibid.3 A. V. Dicey, Introduction the study of the Law of the Constitution, London, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 28. radley and Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law, London, Pearson Education Ltd, 2007, p. 58. L. Loveland, Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction, London, Oxford University Press,2015, p. 115. M. Lewans, Administrative Law and Judicial Deference, Bloomsbury, London, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016, p. 11. Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service, UKHL 6 c; 1983 R v. Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p Northumbria Police Authority, 1 QB 26 ;1989 Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited, AC 508; 1920 H. Barnett, Constitutional Administrative Law, Routledge, Routledge, 2014, p. 101. R (Bancoult) v. Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p Northumbria Police Authority, 1 QB 26 ;1989Ibid. 8 Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service, UKHL 6 c; 1983 Laker Airways Ltd v. Department of Trade, 643, Q. B; 1977. S. Corby and G, White, Employee Relations in the Public Services: Themes and Issues, Routledge, Routledge, 2007, p. 56.Ibid. 6B. Great: Ministry of Justice, The governance of Britain: war powers and treaties: limiting executive powers, London, The Stationery Office, 2007, p. 20.

Shortage Of Qualified , Licensed Teachers In The U.S. Essays

Shortage Of Qualified , Licensed Teachers In The U.S. There is a large and rapidly increasing shortage of qualified, licensed teachers in the United States. This affects every parent and every child. Each year an increasing number of children are in classrooms with and unlicensed, unqualified teacher. There are many reasons for this shortage, but unless we figure out how to regulate this problem this shortage will continue to exist. My girlfriend believes that If the teachers salary was raised it would dramatically increase the interest in teaching. Lets face it we are a money based society. The 1998-99 academic year salary was $25,735 a year,(Fair Teachers Pay Association) far less than the salary for other college graduates. My friend works at Bell Atlantic Mobile and makes $40,000 a year without a college education, key words without a college education. The public does not want thirty students in a class anymore. Class size reduction to fifteen or twenty students per class is becoming more popular as the research begins to show lifelong gains for students in smaller classes. By making the class size smaller the schools are in immediate need of teachers the government just throws a body in front of a classroom and excepts it to work. This is only poring more gasoline on the fire, how will I expect my kids to get a good education when this kind of negligence is happening. The thing that bothers me the most is that we do have enough qualified teachers in the country to fill every classroom. The problem is that a lot of them are ex teachers who left teaching for a better paying job. The F.T.P.A. did a survey on what it would take for the ex teachers to come back to teaching. The results to the survey showed that the desired salary the wanted came out to $63,495 a year. I plan on talking to my local political candidates to push these views in office. if we continue to push the facts in their face they have to do something about it. I also think that schools that know they have a teacher or teachers who are not qualified should stage a temporary boycott to support the parents and children who must deal with this problem. Whether people choose to disregard the statistics, there is no doubt going to be a huge shortage of teachers in the immediate future. The only way to avoid this is to attract and keep more qualified teachers than the present system allows. Education